Tournament: CPS and VBT | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge: All
I affirm- the standard is consequentialism.
Should implies necessity or desirability of proposed policy actions- that inherently implies consequentialism because neither necessity nor desirability can be evaluated on a purely theoretical basis- consequentialist calculus key to the evaluative term specifically
Cambridge Dictionary 13 (published by Cambridge University Press, “Should” American Version,  2013)
Should
Definition:
› used to express ... action of the following verb

Independently, consequentialism is the only coherent moral theory that the resolutional agent can use 

1. It’s the only way policymakers can act morally and practically- all other systems are utopian and fail
   Goodin explains: fellow in philosophy at Australian National Defense University, 1990 (Robert, “The Utilitarian Response”, p. 141-2)
   My larger argument turns on ... choose general rules or conduct.

2. Consequentialism is the only way we can attribute equal worth to all humans.
Cummiskey writes: Cummiskey, David. "Kantian consequentialism." Ethics 100.3 (1990): 586-615.
By emphasizing solely the one ... for the sake of others.

Contention 1 is the Environment
First, resource extraction and environmental protection are only in conflict when extraction creates environmental harms- rare earth minerals prove- that means all the aff has to do is prove why we shouldn’t extract to affirm
DOWNEY Downey, Liam, Eric Bonds, and Katherine Clark. "Natural Resource Extraction, Armed Violence, and Environmental Degradation." National Institute of Health. N.p., 8 Sept. 2011. Web.
Moreover, because natural resources are ... and irrigation (Xu and Liu, 1999)

Resource extraction is the most environmentally damaging industry.
Jenkins Heledd Jenkins and Natalia Yakovleva, ESRC Center for Business Relationships, Accountability, Sustainability and Society, 2006, "Corporate social responsibility in the mining industry," Journal of Cleaner Production 14 (2006) 271-284, p. 272
CSR relates to the activities ... about social and environmental responsibility 1.

On the big picture- resource extraction is exponentially increasing
WIC (Wuppertal Institute for Climate), Environment and Energy, 2005, Fair Future: Resource, Conflicts, Security and Global Justice, eds. W. Sachs and T. Santarius, p. 25-6
One attempt to express overuse ... a new phase of evolution!

This exponential amplification will overwhelm the biosphere’s ecosystems and destroy the planet
Panayotou Theodore Panayotou, Lecturer-Environmental Policy, Harvard, 2003, "Economic Growth and the Environment," Economic Survey of Europe, No. 2, p. 45
Will the world be able ... transition to a steady-state economy.

Resource crunch and collapse is inevitable by 2050- energy, population and food
Grantham Jeremy, “The Big Crunch”, New Statesman, July 2012, p. aspwyo-tjc
Now economic statisticians can calculate ... will the price of food.

Contention 2 is Armed Violence
Resource extraction has always been oppressive- actors with massive multinational powers always control resource extraction- centuries of empirics prove
Downey 2
In developing our theoretical model, ... control over vital raw materials.

The ideology of armed violence is embedded within resource extraction mindsets- powerful nations create these situations but can absolve themselves of culpability- exposing root cause is key
Downey 3
Thus, the use of violence ... between core and periphery nations.

Armed violence almost always plays a role in extraction- dozens of ways it can happen
Downey 4
However, nations and societies are ... shipping lanes (Klare, 2001, 2004)

Extremely strong link between armed violence and resource extraction- empirics prove
Downey 5
Of course, there would be ... associated with natural resource extraction.

This violence escalates into full-blown wars- strong empirical link- tens of millions were killed or relocated by these wars in one decade alone
Renner Michael Renner, Senior Researcher-World Watch Institute, 2002, The Anatomy of Resource Wars, Worldwatch Paper 162, p. 6
Though a somewhat extreme case, ... of dollars.  (See Table 1). 

Contention 3 is Structural Violence
First, local populations suffer the consequences of extraction
Sinnot Emily Sinnot, et al., The World Bank, 2010, Natural Resources in Latin America and the Caribbean: Beyond Booms and Busts?, p. 52
The natural resource may be ... at times fomented social conflict. 

And, resource extraction increases corruption and inequality
Padraig Carmody, Geography Lecturer-Trinity College (Dublin), 2010, Globalization in Africa: Recolonization or Renaissance?, p. 56-7
Resource rents available from oil ... well documented (see Askouri, 2007). 

Empirically resource dependent countries have massively higher amounts of inequality- exacerbates structural violence
Renner 2
Ross's statistical analysis finds that ... tough somewhat less pronounced situation.

Structural violence comparatively outweighs- has 100 probability- systematically worse than thermonuclear war
Gilligan explains: Gilligan, 96 professor of Psychiatry at the Harvard Medical School 96 James, , Director of the Center for the Study of Violence, and a member of the Academic Advisory Council of the National Campaign Against Youth Violence, Violence: Our  Deadly Epidemic and its Causes, p 191-196
The deadliest form of violence ... every decade, throughout the world.

Thus I affirm.

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge: All
FIRST IS INHERENCY.
Deforestation is increasing NOW, attempts to solve deforestation are offset by rampant defo in other countries, best and most recent data proves- over 2,000 square kilometers are cleared per year
Nussbaum ’13 summarizes Nussbaum, Jessica. "Press Releases." Global Deforestation Trends Mapped at Fine Scale for the First Time. Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, 14 Nov. 2014.:
This study provides the first ... (811 square miles) per year.

NEXT ARE THE ADVANTAGES.
The highest rates of deforestation occur in emerging economies- also independently drives CO2 emissions
Maplecroft 12 Maplecroft Global Risk Analytics. “Climate Change and Environmental Risk Atlas.” 2012.
The world’s highest rates of ... only to the energy sector.

4 advantages from stopping deforestation:

1. FOREST EXTINCTIONS
   Forests are critical to maintaining the global environment and are massive biodiversity hotspots
   WWF World Wildlife Fund. “Responsible Forestry.” Overview. No date.
   Forests are vital to life ... original forests have been lost. 

Deforestation EXPLODES extinction rates, empirics prove- and, extinction is environmentally disastrous and sends us on the course to ecocide
Watson 6 (Captain Paul Watson, Founder and President of Sea Shepherd Conservation Society 9/17/06, ìThe Politics of Extinction.î)
The destruction of forests and ... the stone wall of extinction.

2. CO2
Deforestation pumps 2 billion tons of CO2 into the atmosphere per year
Howden 7 (Daniel Howden, The Independent “Deforestation: The Hidden Cause of Global Warming” 14 May 2007. DOA August 15)
Most people think of forests ... the fight against climate change."

Rainforests are specifically critical to solve warming- acts as a massive CO2 sink and can adapt to increased CO2
Laurance 99 Laurance, William F. "Deforestation and Its Extreme Effect on Global Warming." Scientific American Global RSS. Biological Conservation, 1999.
Recent studies further suggest that, ... become sources of greenhouse gases.

CO2 makes up the majority of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere – predominant in terms of abundance and rate of increase.
UCS 9 (Union of Concerned Scientists, “Global Warming FAQ,” Union of Concerned Scientists, 7/14/2009, http://www.ucsusa.org/global_warming/science_and_impacts/science/global-warming-faq.html, ADP)
Global warming is primarily a ... and being added more slowly.

3. WARMING
Scientific consensus goes aff – 97 of the most qualified scientists in the field agree that warming is real and anthropogenic
Anderegg, et al. 10 (William (Department of Biology, Stanford University); James Prall (Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto); Jacob Harold (William and Flora Hewlett Foundation); and Stephen Schneider (Department of Biology, Stanford University and Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University), “Expert credibility in climate change”, PNAS, Vol. 17, No. 27, July 6, 2010, RSR
Note: ACC = Anthropogenic Climate Change, UE = those unconvinced by evidence and CE = those convinced by evidence.)
The UE group comprises only 2 ... in the top UE group.

Unmitigated CO2 emissions will result in the melting of Arctic tundra permafrost, creating positive methane feedback- brink is 2015
Connor 11, professor of modern literature and theory @ Birkbeck College; Science editor of The Independent quoting PhD, Doctor of Science, and professor of Ocean Physics (Steve quoting Prof. Peter Wadhams, “Climate change melting polar regions faster than ever before One of the clearest signs of climate change is the loss of floating sea ice in the Arctic” The Independent November 9, 2011)
The frozen “cryosphere” of the Earth, ... of the British Antarctic Survey.

Runaway warming caused by feedback loops overwhelms the Earth’s carrying capacity and causes extinction.
Tickell 8 Oliver Tickell, British journalist, author and campaigner on health and environment issues, and author of the Kyoto2 climate initiative, 8/11/2008, “On a planet 4C hotter, all we can prepare for is extinction,” The Guardian, http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/aug/11/climatechange
We need to get prepared ... permafrost is already under way.

4. OCEAN ACIDIFICATION
High levels of CO2 lead to oceanic mass extinctions
Parry 12 (Live Science Senior writer, “Oceans turning acidic faster than in than psat 300 million years” Wayne Parry Live Science 3/2/2012 http://www.livescience.com/18786-ocean-acidification-extinction.html)
The oceans are becoming more... researchers conclude in their paper.

And, acidification spills over globally and independently results in extinction
Sify 10 – Sydney newspaper citing Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, professor at University of Queensland and Director of the Global Change Institute, and John Bruno, associate professor of Marine Science at UNC (Sify News, “Could unbridled climate changes lead to human extinction?”, http://www.sify.com/news/could-unbridled-climate-changes-lead-to-human-extinction-news-international-kgtrOhdaahc.html)
The findings of the comprehensive ... according to a GCI release.

THUS THE PLAN: Developing countries as specified by the resolution should institute a ban on deforestation practices consistent with the model adopted by Costa Rica.
Brown and Bird 11 contextualize the plan:
Brown, Jessica, and Neil Bird. "Costa Rica Sustainable Resource Management: Successfully Tackling Tropical Deforestation." Home. Overseas Development Institute, June 2011. Web. 13 Feb. 2014.
By the 1960s, Costa Rica ... converting them to agricultural land.

NEXT IS SOLVENCY
Costa Rican policies on deforestation have had significant effects on halting deforestation
Fagan et al 13 M E, Fagan, DeFries R S, Sesnie S E, Arroyo J P, Walker W, Soto C, Chazdon R L, and Sanchun A. "Land Cover Dynamics following a Deforestation Ban in Northern Costa Rica." IOP Science. IOP Publishing, 5 Aug. 2013. Web.
Forest protection policies potentially reduce ... effectively than clearing for pasture.

LAST IS THE STANDARD: ENVIRONMENTAL UTILITARIANISM.

1. An ethic that recognizes the inherent value of the environment and ecosystems avoids the problem of anthropocentric speciesism.
   Wolff Brian G. M.S. in Environmental Biology from the University of Minnesota, Duluth, and a Ph.D. in Conservation Biology from the University of Minnesota. He has been teaching biology, environmental biology, and ecology at the University of Minnesota and Normandale Community College since 1994. "Environmental Studies and Utilitarian Ethics"
   The claim that utilitarian ethics ... rights and/or value seems possible.

2. Neuroimaging proves that severe emotional bias drives the rationale for deontological side-constraints. Focusing on end-states to determine morality is best for mental cognitive function.
Greene explains: Greene, J.D. (2007)  Why are VMPFC patients more utilitarian?: A dual-process theory of moral judgment explains.  Trends in Cognitive Sciences. Vol 11, No. 8, 322-323.
First, both brain imaging and ... Cohen., 2004), and so on.