Tournament: Stanford | Round: 5 | Opponent: Madeline Otto | Judge: Nate Zerbib-Berta
MPAs drive fishers into other marine areas, which causes conflict over fish and turns the aff solvency
Sanchirico 2 (James N. Sanchirico, Professor Environmental Science and Policy University of California, Davis University Fellow Resources for the Future; Kathryn A. Cochran, Adjunct Professor Associate Dean for Student Affairs; and Peter M. Emerson, SENIOR ECONOMIST ENVIRONMENTAL DEFENSE ON INDIVIDUAL FISHING QUOTAS) “Marine Protected Areas: Economic and Social Implications” Discussion Paper 02–26 May AT
Although there is a considerable amount of literature investigating the biological benefits of MPAs,
AND
increasing the competition for the catch of that second species (Sanchirico 2000).

Fish wars empirically escalate in the Horn of Africa/Nile
INIR 12 INIR News, a service of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. “KENYA: Vanishing fish income forces livelihood switch/correction 6/11/12. http://www.irinnews.org/report/95617/kenya-vanishing-fish-income-forces-livelihood-switch-correction AJ
Experts say rising population and overfishing are deepening poverty for millions of residents around Lake
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of Migingo, which is near a rich breeding ground for Nile perch.

African conflicts cause great power war
Glick 7 (Caroline – senior Middle East fellow at the Center for Security Policy, Condi’s African holiday, p. http://www.centerforsecuritypolicy.org/home.aspx?sid=56andcategoryid=56andsubcategoryid=90andnewsid=11568)
The Horn of Africa is a dangerous and strategically vital place. Small wars,
AND
waters of the Nile River which flows through all countries of the region.

Tournament: The Glennbrooks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Ben Smith | Judge: Erik Baker
1st
A.CP Text: The United States Federal Government should fertilize the North Pacific and Southern Oceans with ferrous sulphate.

B.Solvency
Parry 12 (Wynne, LiveScience senior staff writer) “Could Fertilizing the Oceans Reduce Global Warming?,” LiveScience July 18, 2012
Some hope fertilizing...sank below, 3,280 feet (1,000 m).

2nd
A.CP Text: The United States federal government should remove the Volumetric Ethanol Excise Tax Credit for corn based ethanol and corn based cellulosic ethanol, remove the Renewable Fuels Support for grain based ethanols, and lift the tariff on imported Brazilian Ethanol. The United States Federal Government should condition the provision of farm subsidies on acreage diversion programs for switchgrass and other biomass crops.

Energy crops create carbon sinks- that solves for warming
Mazza 08 (Patrick Mazza, Climate Solutions Research Director, 3/12/08, “Growing Sustainable Biofuels: Common Sense on Biofuels,” Climate Solutions, http:www.worldchanging.com/archives/007885.html)
The future of...the carbon challenge.

Tournament: The Glennbrooks | Round: 3 | Opponent: Clara Collier | Judge: Gorski, Karlyn
A. CP Text: The US federal government should enact laws overseeing state criminal justice systems, including access to post-conviction DNA testing, eyewitness identification reforms, evidence preservation, forensic science standards, exoneree compensation, recorded interrogations, and innocence commissions that review wrongful convictions.

B. Solvency: The counterplan solves the root cause of innocent convictions
Innocence Project (Nonprofit public policy organization for exonerating the innocent, affiliated with the Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law at Yeshiva University) “How Wrongful Convictions Happen – and How We Can Prevent Them”AT
Every time someone is...prevent future injustice.

Tournament: St Marks and Future Tournaments | Round: 6 | Opponent: Tyler Hochman | Judge: Chris Castillo
A. Interpretation: No debate framework may link offense through religious arguments unless they ask permission from their judge and their opponent before the round and both are okay with it.  
Standards clarify the spirit of the interp – don’t let them make dumb I meets like “Jesus is an idea, not a religious figure” because theory establishes precedent by excluding actual abuse on a case-by-case basis, not by establishing on textual rule for every round.
B. Violation:

C. Standards:
Judge impartiality

Additionally, And, the God case creates an uncomfortable situation for competitors and spectators who are forced to watch or engage in a debate that forces them to challenge their own personal beliefs, which makes the round a potentially hostile environment for the debaters. This is objectively unfair, but it also makes debate an unsafe space which you should reject as a judge. 

D. Voter
Fairness
Competing Interps
Drop the Arg- Everything in the Ac but all his spikes.

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 1 | Opponent: Ash Israni | Judge: Elana Leone
Rationality has historically been a tool used by Western thinkers to invent fundamental differences between Europe and the rest of humanity in order to justify the inferiority of non-white peoples.
Eze 97 Emmanuel Chukwudi Eze African philosophy: an anthology. “Modern Western Philosophy and African Colonialism.”1997
When Western philosophy speaks of "reason." It is not just speaking of "
AND
and Africans as a way of justifying unspeakable exploitation and denigration of Africans.

Kantianism is tainted by racist assumptions. To Kant only Europeans count as fully human, all others must be forced to conform. Eze 2
Emmanuel Chukwudi Eze  Prof. Philosophy DePaul University. Post Colonial African Philosophy: A Critical Reader. “The Color of Reason.”  Pg. 130-31 “It should be…of human nature.”
It should be obvious that what is at stake in our critique of Kant is
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compact would be treated as a rebel against fundamental principles of human nature.

The alternative is to vote neg to challenge the assumptions of the aff – that’s key to combating racism.
Hunter 2 (Margaret, Department of Sociology, Loyola Marymount Universit) “Rethinking epistemology, methodology, and racism: or, is White sociology really dead” Race and Society 5 (2002) 119–138 AT
My brief, critical investigation of the assumptions and blind spots in the current debate
AND
for new ways of understanding and combating racism that we have yet to imagine

Debate is an educational activity – debaters are students and the teachers in the activity have an obligation to cultivate good students and moral citizens. Failing to address the question of epistemology promulgates racism –proactively examining our epistemological assumptions is key. This racism might be invisible but it is just as harmful – your obligation is to resist it.
Scheurich and Young 97 (James Joseph Scheurich, Professor in the Department of Educational Administration and Human Resource Development at Texas AandM University; Michelle D. Young, Associate Professor, Department of Educational Administration. Executive Director, University Council for Educational Administration) “Coloring Epistemologies: Are Our Research Epistemologies Racially Biased?” Educational Researcher, Vol. 26, No. 4. (May, 1997), pp. 4-16. AT
Racism of any sort is heinous, most terribly for its victims but also for
AND
would be to betray our fundamental commitment as educators and as educational researchers.

2NR
Ripstein’s a link
David Luban. “Book Reviews: Force and Freedom.” Georgetown University Law Center.
Ripstein’s aim is both expository and apologetic in the unabashed, adversarial sense. It
AND
imagery that specially suits Kant’s way of thinking about persons and political fundamentals.

You can’t escape the way your theory is intertwined with racism – the impact is epistemological closedness and violence against the marginalized.
Scheurich and Young 97 (James Joseph Scheurich, Professor in the Department of Educational Administration and Human Resource Development at Texas AandM University; Michelle D. Young, Associate Professor, Department of Educational Administration. Executive Director, University Council for Educational Administration) “Coloring Epistemologies: Are Our Research Epistemologies Racially Biased?” Educational Researcher, Vol. 26, No. 4. (May, 1997), pp. 4-16. AT
The civilizational level is the level of broad civilizational assumptions, assumptions that, though
AND
a testament to the race/culture-free nature of mainstream research epistemologies

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 3 | Opponent: Leah Shapiro | Judge: Barbara Bryan
I value Justice b/c it refers to the proper distribution of benefits and burdens.
First, in any society justice provides justification between citizens. We can’t rely on specific metaphysical viewpoints because they couldn’t serve as the basis for reasonable agreements in a pluralistic society. Freeman
Samuel Freeman Avalon Professor in the Humanities at The University of Pennsylvania. Justice and the Social Contract: Essays on Rawlsian Political Philosophy. Oxford University Press. New York, NY. 2007. 37
We have considered how the social contract plays a role within Rawls's conception of justice
AND
 that Rawls sees as is appropriate for a democratic society.

Analytic Framework Comparison

Second, Individuals are considered moral equals unless a morally relevant distinction exists to differentiate them. This requires unbiased decision-making to prevent arbitrary harms, but in order to make those decisions, moral agents must place themselves behind a veil of ignorance. Freeman 2
Freeman, Samuel, "Original Position", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy(Spring 2012 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2012/entries/original-position/.
The remedy for such biased judgments is to redefine the initial situation. Rather than
AND
any person or society is morally irrelevant and potentially prejudicial to their decision.

Epistemic Analytical Justification

Additionally, under the veil of ignorance agents would adopt policies that benefit the least well off. Garrett                                                                                                  Garrett, Jan. "John Rawls on Justice." Rawls on Justice. Western Kentucky University, n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2012. http://www.wku.edu/~jan.garrett/ethics/johnrawl.htm.  
 A self-interested rational person behind the Veil of Ignorance would not want
AND
to the privileged positions is not blocked by discrimination according to irrelevant criteria.
This precludes all other frameworks for 2 reasons
Analytics
The standard is benefitting the least advantaged. Prefer the standard for 3 additional reasons
3 Analytics

I contend that resource extraction is necessary to benefit the least advantaged. 

First, Resource extraction bridges the socioeconomic gap. Balarezo and Wiig 12
Jorge Balarezo and Henrik Wiig. The mighty few vs. the silent majority – Barriers to resource extraction for poverty reduction in Peru. Norwegian Institute for Urban and Regional Research. 2012.
In consequence, the poverty and extreme poverty in the urban coast and highlands were
AND
for social programs rose by just over 80 in relation to 2007.

Prefer my evidence
2 warrants

And resource extraction also decreases inequality by alleviating poverty. Lopez-Feldman et al 07
López-Feldman, Alejandro, Jorge Mora, and J. Edward Taylor. "Does natural resource extraction mitigate poverty and inequality? Evidence from rural Mexico and a Lacandona Rainforest Community." Environment and Development Economics 12.02 (2007): 251-269.
Our findings highlight the importance of income from natural resource extraction in alleviating poverty and
AND
Gini coefficient by 0.36 and 0.11, respectively. 

Prefer this study
3 warrants

Second, Resource extraction gives the government the ability to take effective action to protect the environment making it a perquisite for developing countries. Beckerman 92
Beckerman, W. 1992. Economic growth and the environment: whose growth? Whose environment? World Development 20, 481 – 496.
In general, therefore, as with access to safedrinking water or sanitation, although
AND
to improve your environment is to progress economicallybecome rich.47

Tournament: Valley | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Leah Shapiro | Judge: Ryan Davis, Taylor Yocom, and Lauren Eastlund
I value morality b/c ought implies a moral obligation. Morality must function as a guide for actions otherwise there would be no reason to act ethically.(NOT claiming skep ground)

There are no objective standards to externally define the boundaries of right conduct, so all conceptions of the good devolve into arbitrary labels consistent with an individual’s own internal volition.

Derrida's Economy of Violence in Hobbes' Social Contract. Rick Parish. Loyola University New Orleans. His current research is focused on nthe play of violence and respect within justice. 2004. http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/theory_and_event/v007/7.4parrish.html#authbio          
                         
"For Hobbes truth...commonly-held definition.”  

We formulate contractarian agreements          

st- consistency with mutual restraints that preserve individuals self-interest.
prefer the standard because:
1st Infinite Regress
2nd Consent Based
3rd Social Order

I contend that compulsory voting is not a mutual restraint that would preserve self-interest.

Voting is not in our self-interest.
"Why Vote? The so Called Paradox of Voting." David Ruescas. Wordpress, 02 June 2012. Web. 11 Oct. 2013.

Someone asked me...done otherwise.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 4 | Opponent: Sabrina Shammas | Judge: Rebbeca Kuang
A. CP Text:Insert whatever aff defends should implement lottocracy.                                        Gurrero explains the lottocracy system:
Guerrero, Alexander. DEMOCRACY AND LEGITIMACY. Diss. New York University, 2012.PH
The three distinctive...as an alternative. 

B. Competition: Mutual Exclusivity- 5 reasons we can't do both.

C. Net Benefits- Lobbying
The electoral process has inherent biases that only lottocracy can solve. Guerrero 2:
Even in advanced...in a moment.

D. Solvency                                                                                                                          Lottocracy is key to representation of the entire political community. Guerrero 3:                                 The basic thought...the same experience.

Lottocracy rectifies all the flaws in the current representative decision-making process creating good policies. Guerrero 4:
A second main...for their constituents. 

M-W defines democracy as “a government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised by them directly or indirectly through a system of representation.
Prefer for 1) Predictability 2) Intent to define

Tournament: Valley | Round: 3 | Opponent: Matthew Lai | Judge: Shawn Matson
See PV Pennisula Arjun Tambe's Debt DA

Tournament: Valley | Round: 6 | Opponent: Matthew Meyer | Judge: Fred Robertson
A. CP Text: The United States Federal Government will lax registration laws. Rosenstone and Wolfinger explains,
Steven J. Rosenstone and Raymond E. Wolfinger, The Effect of Registration Laws on Voter Turnout, American Political Science Association, http://www.jstor.org/stable/1953597

Four registration...of absentee registration

B. Competition
   1.Mutual Exclusivity
   2.Net Benefits
Registration laws are effective – enable the transformation of voting, ensure that voters aren’t donkey voting but rather that every vote is useful. And, increases the amount of voters by almost the same as Compulsory Voting. Rosenstone and Wolfinger 2

The effect of...-the-vote drives.3

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Kelsey Allen-Niesen | Judge: Bistagne, Adam
A. Interpretation: The affirmative must clearly specify the method of enforcement for compulsory voting laws in the 1AC. Examples could include fines, jail time, or other punishments.
B. Violation:
C. Standards:

1. Turn ground: All affirmative offense is generated from the internal link of voter turnout. explain why here But I can’t turn that offense unless I know the method of enforcement because CV’s effectiveness depends on how it’s enforced. Schafer 11                                  Armin Schafer (research fellow at Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies, Cologne). Republican Liberty and Compulsory Voting. 2011. http://www.mpifg.de/pu/mpifg_dp/dp11-17.pdf
   Recent studies have... with voluntary voting.
   2. Stable Ground

D. Voters
Fairness and Education
Competing Interps
Drop the Arg-AC offense

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 3 | Opponent: Leah Shapiro | Judge: Barbara Bryan
A. Interpretation: Black’s Law Dictionary defines Environmental Protection:
"What Is ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION?" The Law Dictionary. Black's Law Dictionary Free 2nd Ed. Web. 19 Dec. 2013.
Environmental guardianship based on policies and procedures. Objectives are (1) the conserving of natural resources, (2) the preserving of the existing natural environment and, (3) where possible, repairing damage and reversing trends.

B. Violation:

C. Standard
Legal Precision

D.Voter
Education, Competing Interps, Theory not an RVI

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 5 | Opponent: Madeline Otto | Judge: Nate Zerbib-Berta
A. Interpretation: Dr. Arruda from Pitt State defines Environmental protection.
Arruda, Joe, Dr. "Careers with an Environmental Spin." Careers with an Environmental Spin. Pitt State. Web. 19 Dec. 2013.
The two traditional areas of environmental jobs are environmental protection and resource conservation. Environmental
AND
the management of soils, lands, forests, fish, and wildlife.

B.Violation

C. Standard
Resoutional Consistency
a)topic lit
b)clash 

D. Voter
Fairness and Education