Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 1 | Opponent: Newark Science NS | Judge: Paul Gravley
Have to go to vote, but can have an invalid ballot.
Birch 09 Birch, Sarah. Reader in Politics-University of Essex . “Full Participation : A Comparative Study of Compulsory Voting.” Manchester, GBR: Manchester University Press, 2009. Pgs 2-3. Copyright © 2009. Manchester University Press
'Compulsory voting can... be used interchangeably'

Aff defends implementation of CV in democracies that don't have it

V:Justice, resolution is about legal distributions of benefits and burdens

Rules must be made through a legitimate procedure, rather than ethics set.
Hermanus Gradus Steijn “Facilitating a Moral Compromise in Plural Liberal Democracies: Why a Policy of Compulsory Attendance During Elections Is Justifiable” Thesis Presented to Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences Leiden University. June 8, 2012
'Political liberals have...man's goods and person'

Criterion-Equal Advancement of the interests of citizens.

1. Justice requires interests be given equal weight because there is no inherent differences between people.
   Thomas Christiano Department Philosophy, University of Arizona. “The Authority of Democracy” The Journal of Political Philosophy: Volume 11, Number 2, 2003
   'There are two...in this article'

2. Equal rep necessary to account for different opinions and correct for individual bias
Thomas Christiano Department Philosophy, University of Arizona. “The Authority of Democracy” The Journal of Political Philosophy: Volume 11, Number 2, 2003
'Now I shall...against anyone's interests.' 

Contention
Subpoint A-Gov'ts w/o CV don't represent interests equally
Income inequality is high
Brodwin 9/12 David Brodwin. MBA Stanford Graduate School of Business. “Suffering Under the Weight of Inequality.” US News and World Report Opinion. 9/12/13
'A report released... the total income'

Rich use political influence
Daron Acemoglu 11 Charles P. Kindleberger Professor of Applied Economics in the Department of Economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology “Economic power begets political power” The Economist Online. Jan 23rd 2011. http://www.economist.com/economics/by-invitation/guest-contributions/economic_power_begets_political_power
'A case can... telecommunications or biotech'

Gov't responds to rich more
TFIAD Task Force on Inequality and American Democracy. Gathers info from Political Scientists and Scholars. American Political Science Association. 2004
'Skewed participation among...rich generally win'

Subpoint B-Offence 

1. CV corrects for socio-econ bias in voter turnout
   Chong and Olivera 08 Alberto Chong and Mauricio Olivera. “DOES COMPULSORY VOTING HELP EQUALIZE INCOMES?” Economics and Politics, Volume 20, Number 3. November 2008. Blackwell Publishing
   'As explained above... the ruling elite'

Citizens abstain because they feel their voices aren't heard
Lardy 04 Heather Lardy. University of Aberdeen. “Is there a right not to vote?” Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Summer, 2004), pp. 303-321
'The claim that... genuinely free one'

CV is the only way to increase turnout
Engelen 07 Bart Engelen. Research Assistant of the Fund for Scientific Research – Flanders (Belgium), Centre for Economics and Ethics. “Why Compulsory Voting Can Enhance Democracy.” Acta Politica, 2007, 42, (23–39).  2007 Palgrave Macmillan Ltd
'Although this seems... reinforce each other.'

2. Rich control gov't policies
Gilens 04 Martin Gilens. Politics Department, Princeton University. “Inequality and Democratic Responsiveness: Who Gets What They Want from Government?” Princeton Politics Department mimeo (2004)
'Table 6 compares... the income distribution' 

CV solves
Matsler 02 SEAN MATSLER. University of Southern California Law School. “COMPULSORY VOTING IN AMERICA.” S. Cal. L. Rev. 76 (2002): 953-978
'Two other successes... vote for them.'

3. Countries with CV have decreases in inequality
Chong and Olivera 2 Alberto Chong and Mauricio Olivera. “DOES COMPULSORY VOTING HELP EQUALIZE INCOMES?” Economics and Politics, Volume 20, Number 3. November 2008. Blackwell Publishing
'This paper explains... are not excused'

Venezuela proves the converse, retract CV, more inequality
Carey and Horiuchi 13 John M. Carey (John Wentworth Professor in the Social Sciences, Department of Government, Dartmouth College). Yusaku Horiuchi (Associate Professor and Mitsui Chair in the Study of Japan, Department of Government, Dartmouth College). Compulsory Voting and Income Inequality. Prepared for presentation in a seminar on Latin American Politics in the Weatherhead Center for International Affairs at Harvard University on April 23, 2013, and a seminar in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College on April 30, 2013
'For matters of... otherwise have experienced.'

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 3 | Opponent: Hockaday AG | Judge: Ryan Graham
Part one: Abhorrent History 

Generations of disenfranchisement
(Hodkiss, Anita, trial attorney with over 35 years of experience defending companies and individuals in the state and federal trial and appellate courts) “Race and Election Irregularites on November 7 2000” 15-FEB NBA National Bar Association Magazine 18- (January/February, 2001)
and#34;Civil rights organizations...from casting their votesand#34; 

Progress of civil rights movements has been erased, Voting rights Act ruled unconstitutional .Knafo 13 (Saki, General Assignment Writer, has written for The New York Times Magazine, New York Magazine, and Publishers Weekly) “Voting Rights Of Black Americans Trampled By and#39;New Jim Crow,and#39; Civil Rights Advocates Say” Huffington Post, 07/25/2013
and#34;More than a....a broader electorateand#34; 

Laws dilute the power of the individual and creates collective action problem. Harvard Law Review 7 “THE CASE FOR COMPULSORY VOTING IN THE UNITED STATES” HARVARD LAW REVIEW Vol. 121:591 Dec 2007 

and#34;certain groups are...the American populationand#34; 

Part two is breaking the chains. Voting ought to compulsory in the US

CV solves racism in voting by giving an equal voice. Cherry 09 (Ceridwen, Law Clerk at United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts, Voting Rights Intern at The Lawyersand#39; Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, Intern at Office of Senator Edward M. Kennedy, University of Michigan Law School and Harvard University Kennedy School of Government) “Maximizing Participation: what the US can learn from compulsory voting” FairVote June 8, 2009
and#34;Considering that the...of the people.and#34; 

CV key to resisting racist voting laws. Cherry 09 (Ceridwen, Law Clerk at United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts, Voting Rights Intern at The Lawyersand#39; Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, Intern at Office of Senator Edward M. Kennedy, University of Michigan Law School and Harvard University Kennedy School of Government) “Maximizing Participation: what the US can learn from compulsory voting” FairVote June 8, 2009
and#34;Many Americans do....reduces registration issues.and#34;

Voting is a form of empowerment-excludes blacks from democracy. Weatherspoon 7 (Floyd, expert in African-American males and the law, published in law journals and newspapers, associate dean for Alternative Dispute Resolution Programs, member of the National Bar Association and the American Bar Association, external Administrative Judge for the EEOC) “The Mass Incarceration of African-American Males: A Return to Institutionalized Slavery, Oppression, and Disenfranchisement of Constitutional Rights” 13 Texas Wesleyan Law Review 599 (2007)
and#34;The struggle continues...de facto slaveryand#34;

Voluntary voting expresses view that disenfranchised groups donand#39;t matter. . Hannah Alejandro 11 Dean?s Fellow, Georgetown University Law Center; JD, LLM Georgetown University Law Center; BFA, New York University “The Sovereign Obligations of We, the People: An Argument for Compulsory Voting in the United States”  Georgetown Law Center. March 2011. SSRN
:obligations of civic...express equal opportunityand#34;

Part three is the impact

Voting restrictions construct blackness as the anti-citizen, a permanent underclass that must be politically sterilized. Wacquant 05 (Loic, Distinguished University Professor of Sociology and Anthropology at the New School for Social Research, Professor of Sociology at the University of California, and a Researcher at the Center for European Sociology in Paris. His interests comprise comparative urban marginality, the penal state, bodily crafts, social theory, and the politics of reason ) “Race as civic felony” UNESCO 2005. Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd
and#34;For nearly four...out, politically sterilizedand#34; 

These measures bias the system against black voters. Wacquant 05 (Loic, Distinguished University Professor of Sociology and Anthropology at the New School for Social Research, Professor of Sociology at the University of California, and a Researcher at the Center for European Sociology in Paris. His interests comprise comparative urban marginality, the penal state, bodily crafts, social theory, and the politics of reason ) “Race as civic felony” UNESCO 2005. Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd
and#34;Although they are...sphere of exclusivenessand#34; 

part four is the framework
A)Epistemology-conventional modde of experiecing the world is not an absolute truth. Scheurich and Young 97 (James Joseph Scheurich, Professor in the Department of Educational Administration and Human Resource Development at Texas AandM University; Michelle D. Young, Associate Professor, Department of Educational Administration. Executive Director, University Council for Educational Administration) “Coloring Epistemologies: Are Our Research Epistemologies Racially Biased?” Educational Researcher, Vol. 26, No. 4. (May, 1997), pp. 4-16.
and#34;Euro-American Modernism is...fringes of Europeand#34;
B) Comparative justice, Amartya Sen Thomas W Larmont University Professor and Professor of Economics and Philosophy at Harvard University. and#34;The Idea of Justice.and#34; Penguin Publishing. 2010. Print
and#34;Grand institutions success...part of justiceand#34;
Theories must affect lives of real people, Amartya Sen Thomas W Larmont University Professor and Professor of Economics and Philosophy at Harvard University. and#34;The Idea of Justice.and#34; Penguin Publishing. 2010. Print
and#34;Justice is connected...able to leadand#34;
C) Equality, Arneson, University of California, San Diego Professor of Political Philosophy. WHAT, IF ANYTHING, RENDERS ALL HUMANS MORALLY?EQUAL?
and#34;All humans have....of civilized dialogueand#34;
Best explanation for morality, Jacob Ross USC Associate Philosophy Professor. “Rejecting Ethical Deflationism.” Ethics , vol. 116, no. 4, pp. 742-768, 2006. www-bcf.usc.edu/jacobmro/ppr/deflation-ross.pdf
and#34;Degrees of credence...Kantianism is trueand#34;
I affirm